Both CPU Cache and TLB are hardware used in microprocessors but what’s the difference, especially when someone says that TLB is also a type of Cache? First th
A memory unit stores binary information in groups of bits called words. Data input lines provide the information to be stored into the memory, Data output lines
solid-state drive (SSD) is a solid-state storage device that uses integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store data. SSD are also known as solid-state disk
Internal structure of Memory either RAM or ROM is made of memory cells which contains a memory bit. Basically group of 8 bits makes a word. Now the memory is fo
In I/O Interface (Interrupt and DMA Mode), we have discussed concept behind the Interrupt-initiated I/O. To summarize, when I/O devices are ready for I/O transf
Asynchronous input output is a form of input output processing that allows others devices to do processing before the transmission or data transfer is done. Pro
PPI 8255 is a general purpose programmable I/O device designed to interface the CPU with its outside world such as ADC, DAC, keyboard etc. We can program it acc
The method that is used to transfer information between internal storage and external I/O devices is known as I/O interface. The CPU is interfaced using special
Suppose any device which is connected at input-output port wants to transfer data to transfer data to memory, first of all it will send input-output port addres
Problem – Interface 8255 with 8085 microprocessor and write an assembly language program to display 99 in Port A, 1’s complement of 99 in Port B, and 2’s
Prerequisite – 8254 Control Register and Operating modes Problem – Write an assembly language program in 8085 microprocessor which generates 1 KHz square wa
8255 is a popularly used parallel, programmable input-output device. It can be used to transfer data under various condition from simple input-output to interru
The 8085 microprocessor is an example of Microcomputer System. A microprocessor system contains : two types of memory that are EPROM and R/WM, Input and Output
Prerequisites – Pin diagram of 8085 microprocessor, Bus organization of 8085 microprocessor Single board microcomputers are the system which have a program ca
The DMA mode of data transfer reduces CPU’s overhead in handling I/O operations. It also allows parallelism in CPU and I/O operations. Such parallelism is nec
In Synchronous data transfer, the sending and receiving units are enabled with same clock signal. It is possible between two units when each of them knows the b
MPU communicates with the outside world with the help of some external devices which are known as Input/Output devices. The MPU accepts the binary data from inp
Bus Arbitration refers to the process by which the current bus master accesses and then leaves the control of the bus and passes it to the another bus requestin
As a CPU needs to communicate with the various memory and input-output devices (I/O) as we know data between the processor and these devices flow with the help
Please see Set 1 for Execution, Stages and Performance (Throughput) and Set 2 for Dependencies and Data Hazard. Types of pipeline Uniform delay pipeline In t
Please see Set 1 for Execution, Stages and Performance (Throughput) and Set 3 for Types of Pipeline and Stalling. Dependencies in a pipelined processor There
To improve the performance of a CPU we have two options: 1) Improve the hardware by introducing faster circuits. 2) Arrange the hardware such that more than one
A Microprocessor is an important part of a computer architecture without which you be able to perform any thing on your computer system. It is a programmable de
Bus is a group of conducting wires which carries information, all the peripherals are connected to microprocessor through Bus. Diagram to represent bus organiza
The IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic (IEEE 754) is a technical standard for floating-point computation which was established in 1985 by the Institute