Historically there have been 2 types of Computers: Fixed Program Computers – Their function is very specific and they couldn’t be programmed, e.g. Calculato
Reduced Set Instruction Set Architecture (RISC) – The main idea behind is to make hardware simpler by using an instruction set composed of a few basic steps f
The computers which use Stack-based CPU Organization are based on a data structure called stack. The stack is a list of data words. It uses Last In First Out (L
When we are using multiple general purpose registers, instead of single accumulator register, in the CPU Organization then this type of organization is known as
Prerequiste – Execution, Stages and Throughput Registers Involved In Each Instruction Cycle: Memory address registers(MAR) : It is connected to the address li
These type of instructions control machine functions such as Halt, Interrupt, or do nothing. This type of instructions alters the different type of operations e
Different Instruction formats are used by different vector processors. Vector instructions are generally specified by some fields. The main fields that are used
The 8085 instruction set is classified into 3 categories by considering the length of the instructions. In 8085, the length is measured in terms of “byte” r
The 8086 processor provides 16 data lines but the memory chip will consist of only 8 data lines therefore to occupy all system data lines of processor we requir
In computer central processing units, micro-operations (also known as micro-ops) are the functional or atomic, operations of a processor. These are low level in
Registers are the fastest locations in the memory hierarchy. But unfortunately, this resource is limited. It comes under the most constrained resources of the t
Booth algorithm gives a procedure for multiplying binary integers in signed 2’s complement representation in efficient way, i.e., less number of additions/sub
Cache Memory is a special very high-speed memory. It is used to speed up and synchronizing with high-speed CPU. Cache memory is costlier than main memory or dis
Computer performance is the amount of work accomplished by a computer system. The word performance in computer performance means “How well is the computer doi
The 8085 microprocessor is an example of Microcomputer System. A microprocessor system contains : two types of memory that are EPROM and R/WM, Input and Output
The DMA mode of data transfer reduces CPU’s overhead in handling I/O operations. It also allows parallelism in CPU and I/O operations. Such parallelism is nec
In Synchronous data transfer, the sending and receiving units are enabled with same clock signal. It is possible between two units when each of them knows the b
MPU communicates with the outside world with the help of some external devices which are known as Input/Output devices. The MPU accepts the binary data from inp
Bus Arbitration refers to the process by which the current bus master accesses and then leaves the control of the bus and passes it to the another bus requestin
Please see Set 1 for Execution, Stages and Performance (Throughput) and Set 2 for Dependencies and Data Hazard. Types of pipeline Uniform delay pipeline In t
Please see Set 1 for Execution, Stages and Performance (Throughput) and Set 3 for Types of Pipeline and Stalling. Dependencies in a pipelined processor There
To improve the performance of a CPU we have two options: 1) Improve the hardware by introducing faster circuits. 2) Arrange the hardware such that more than one
The basic computer has 16-bit instruction register (IR) which can denote either memory reference or register reference or input-output instruction. Memory Refer
Prerequisite – Types of computer memory (RAM and ROM) Random Access Memory (RAM) is used to store the programs and data being used by the CPU in real time. Th
Computer Organization and Architecture Computer Organization is study of the system from software point of view and gives overall description of the system and
