Historically there have been 2 types of Computers: Fixed Program Computers – Their function is very specific and they couldn’t be programmed, e.g. Calculato
Reduced Set Instruction Set Architecture (RISC) – The main idea behind is to make hardware simpler by using an instruction set composed of a few basic steps f
The computers which use Stack-based CPU Organization are based on a data structure called stack. The stack is a list of data words. It uses Last In First Out (L
When we are using multiple general purpose registers, instead of single accumulator register, in the CPU Organization then this type of organization is known as
Representing and storing numbers were the basic of operation of the computers of earlier times. The real go came when computation, manipulating numbers like add
The 8086 processor provides 16 data lines but the memory chip will consist of only 8 data lines therefore to occupy all system data lines of processor we requir
1. Multiprocessor: A Multiprocessor is a computer system with two or more central processing units (CPUs) share full access to a common RAM. The main objective
Control Unit is the part of the computer’s central processing unit (CPU), which directs the operation of the processor. It was included as part of the Von Neu
In computer central processing units, micro-operations (also known as micro-ops) are the functional or atomic, operations of a processor. These are low level in
Registers are the fastest locations in the memory hierarchy. But unfortunately, this resource is limited. It comes under the most constrained resources of the t
Booth algorithm gives a procedure for multiplying binary integers in signed 2’s complement representation in efficient way, i.e., less number of additions/sub
Cache Memory is a special very high-speed memory. It is used to speed up and synchronizing with high-speed CPU. Cache memory is costlier than main memory or dis
Locality of reference refers to a phenomenon in which a computer program tends to access same set of memory locations for a particular time period. In other wor
Computer performance is the amount of work accomplished by a computer system. The word performance in computer performance means “How well is the computer doi
Caches are the faster memories that are built to deal with the Processor-Memory gap in data read operation, i.e. the time difference in a data read operation in
A Subprogram is a program inside any larger program that can be reused any number of times. Characteristics of a Subprogram: (1) A Subprogram is implemented usi
The 8085 microprocessor is an example of Microcomputer System. A microprocessor system contains : two types of memory that are EPROM and R/WM, Input and Output
MPU communicates with the outside world with the help of some external devices which are known as Input/Output devices. The MPU accepts the binary data from inp
Bus Arbitration refers to the process by which the current bus master accesses and then leaves the control of the bus and passes it to the another bus requestin
Please see Set 1 for Execution, Stages and Performance (Throughput) and Set 2 for Dependencies and Data Hazard. Types of pipeline Uniform delay pipeline In t
Please see Set 1 for Execution, Stages and Performance (Throughput) and Set 3 for Types of Pipeline and Stalling. Dependencies in a pipelined processor There
To improve the performance of a CPU we have two options: 1) Improve the hardware by introducing faster circuits. 2) Arrange the hardware such that more than one
It is named after computer scientist Gene Amdahl( a computer architect from IBM and Amdahl corporation), and was presented at the AFIPS Spring Joint Computer Co
The basic computer has 16-bit instruction register (IR) which can denote either memory reference or register reference or input-output instruction. Memory Refer
Computer Organization and Architecture Computer Organization is study of the system from software point of view and gives overall description of the system and
