Often, using a single routing protocol in an organisation is preferred but there are some conditions in which we have to use multi protocol routing. These condi
What is Encryption? Have you ever wondered how our emails, texts, photos, videos are sent over the Internet? Whenever you send anything over the Internet, it pa
Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) is a CISCO proprietary protocol, which provides redundancy for a local subnet. In HSRP, two or more routers gives an illusion
Consider a situation when you are not able to access a website and can access other websites. You would want to know if this is a problem with your network, som
A network is two or more devices connected through a link. A link is a communication pathway that transfer data from one device to another. Devices can be a com
Transmission mode means transferring of data between two devices. It is also known as communication mode. Buses and networks are designed to allow communication
The arrangement of a network which comprises of nodes and connecting lines via sender and receiver is referred as network topology. The various network topologi
The Network allows computers to connect and communicate with different computers via any medium. LAN, MAN and WAN are the three major types of the network desig
An access network is a type of network which physically connects an end system to the immediate router (also known as the “edge router”) on a path from the
Telecom networks is mostly used today for wide area communication. Stringing a wire between every pair of telephones that might want to communicate was not a go
If a single administrator wants to access 100 routers and local database of the device is used for username and password (authentication) then the administrator
What is congestion? A state occurring in network layer when the message traffic is so heavy that it slows down network response time. Effects of Congestion As d
Congestion control refers to the techniques used to control or prevent congestion. Congestion control techniques can be broadly classified into two categories:
EtherChannel is a port link aggregation technology in which multiple physical port links are grouped into one logical link. It is used to provide high speed lin
We take a close look at so-called WiFi which is also known as IEEE standard 802.11 Consider the situation depicted in the figure, where each of four nodes is ab
Error A condition when the receiver’s information does not matches with the sender’s information. During transmission, digital signals suffer from noise tha
Since IP does not have a inbuilt mechanism for sending error and control messages. It depends on Internet Control Message Protocol(ICMP) to provide an error con
Supernetting is the opposite of Subnetting. In subnetting, a single big network is divided into multiple smaller subnetworks. In Supernetting, multiple networks
What is Forwarding? Forwarding is moving incoming packets to appropriate interface. Routers use forwarding table to decide which incoming packet should be forwa
A port is basically a physical docking point which is basically used to connect the external devices to the computer or we can say that A port act as an interfa
Introduction: A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. Nowadays, a comp
Computer performance is the amount of work accomplished by a computer system. The word performance in computer performance means “How well is the computer doi
The basic computer has 16-bit instruction register (IR) which can denote either memory reference or register reference or input-output instruction. Memory Refer
With the rapid growth of electronic commerce, the Enterprise Resource Planning system that basically integrates application data across the organization, and da
